Why Sharia complaint finance is the smart choice for ethical investors

Introduction

Cryptocurrency is essentially a digital currency exchange and digital payments platform that uses blockchain technology. The technological and digital revolution over the last few decades has meant that innovative payment systems have been created and utilised, and cryptocurrency is one of the major breakthrough payment systems for business and personal finance use. Whether or not cryptocurrency is halal or haram is a debate that is ongoing between Islamic scholars.

This article will examine cryptocurrency, Islamic interpretations, and the types of cryptocurrencies available.

Cryptocurrency

Although there are over 2,000 cryptocurrencies on the market now, Bitcoin is probably still the most known form of cryptocurrency in the blockchain market, and was the first cryptocurrency coin to go mainstream but there are other cryptocurrencies entering the market.

For Muslims across the Islamic world, the question arises as to whether crypto payment platforms are deemed to be halal or haram in the eyes of Allah and in accordance with Shariah principles, and whether as a currency it prevents money laundering. Whether or not cryptocurrency is halal or haram depends on the how a specific cryptocurrency aligns with the principles of Islam.

Cryptocurrency - Characteristics

One of the defining aspects of cryptocurrency is that there is no central authority such as a Government that authorises it or records it. Cryptocurrencies operate on decentralised networks using blockchain technology.

Most cryptocurrencies have a limited supply, or at least a capped supply. Transactions are transparent and traceable, but there is also a degree of anonymity of parties. One the main advantages of cryptocurrency is that it offers global accessibility. It can be received anywhere in the world - all you need is an internet connection.

For Muslims, cryptocurrency does tick a lot of the Islamic finances boxes when it comes to transparency and traceability. However, ultimately it is the duty of every Muslim to be seeking knowledge, and this guide will address the use of the cryptocurrency market and its intrinsic value.

This article will consider whether crypto currency is permissible as a form of actual money under Islamic laws and in the Islamic world. We will consider the views of Islamic jurists and scholars on this emergence of what is considered to be new money addressing the question of is cryptocurrency halal.ISLAMIC SCHOLARS INTERPRETATION - IS CRYPTOCURRENCY HALAL?

A comprehensive Islamic law interpretation, one that sparked a massive rise in Muslim investment in Bitcoin and Ethereum in 2018, was provided by Sharia advisor Mufti Muhammad Abu-Bakar (former advisor to Blossom Finance) who looked at the question of is cryptocurrency halal as a money supply. He argued that Bitcoin is permissible under Islamic principles.

Mufti Abu-Bakar considered arguments that crypto itself was speculative when it comes to personal finance, but his view was that all currencies have a speculative element and this did not automatically deem cryptocurrency as haram.

Crypto Currencies

Islamically, if a business does not have an element of appropriate loss probability within its assets is not strictly trading in a Sharia compliant manner. The Grand Mufti of Egypt, Shaykh Shawki Allam believes that cryptocurrency is haram and he is joined by other Shariah scholars from the Middle East and beyond including Shaykh Haitham Al Haddad who see crypto as high risk. Their argument is based on the notion that crypto itself does not hold enough credibility as a currency to be deemed to be halal.

However, many other Sharia scholars believe that crypto itself does confirm to Sharia money rules and Muslims are permitted to invest in crypto.

Islamic scholars who believe that cryptocurrency money and digital assets are halal include Ziyaad Mahomed, Shariah Committee Chairman of HSBC Amanah Malaysia Bhd, and Mufti Faraz Adam. These views lend credence to the notion that Muslims can invest in crypto.

Arguments in favour of crypto being deemed halal include:

• There is often a lack of riba (interest). Crypto operates on decentralised platforms without any central authority. This usually means there is no interest charged or payable.
• Crypto is used as a medium of exchange with a legitimate purpose in financial and economic transactions.
• Technologically, crypto is neutral. Scholars argue that it is the use of the crypto that determines if it is Sharia compliant or not.
• The fact that crypto is generally thought to be scarce means that it is easier to avoid speculation and uncertainty and this aligns with Islamic finance rules.

Islamic Scholars

As mentioned above, one of the main reasons Islamic jurists and scholars from Muslim countries argue that cryptocurrency is halal, is that the concept of the blockchain and other cryptocurrencies are inherently anti-interest when looked at from a money generation source or perspective. Crypto operates outside of conventional banking systems and interest-based transactions.

Islamic banking laws are also anti-interest so the technology, pricing, and buying and selling of cryptocurrency money is deemed halal by many Islamic scholars who rely on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad PBUH when seeking guidance about permissibility (ultimately, only Allah knows best).

Given that crypto has a finite supply, it is less likely to be subject to inflation. This means it can maintain a fairly stable value - again an important element of Islamic finance.

Crypto Blockchains And Islamic Finance Principles

Blockchains refer to the blocks of technology used to record digital cryptocurrency transactions. Blockchains act as a system of record and the reason this form of technology is so important is that it is virtually impossible to hack, change or cheat the blockchain platform or marketplace.

With the use of blockchain, centralized financial institutions and establishments are not needed as no central control is required. This also means that crypto trading (and the stock market) is more transparent.

According to many Islamic scholars and religious leaders, this addresses the question of is crypto halal within Islamic Finance rules and Islamic law more generally.

As cryptocurrency money is deemed permissible and halal under Islamic Sharia rules this has unlocked the crypto investment market to a global Muslim community with increasing numbers of Muslims with an interest in buying crypto and use it as a form of currency.

In terms of business practices, there are some basic principles (discussed in this article) relating to crypto and cryptocurrency trading that help many Muslims to decide if their entrepreneurial journeys and endeavours are permissible or strictly prohibited.

Consideration And Commercial Value - Is Crypto Halal Or Haram

From the perspective of Islamic contract rules, there must be an element of consideration when answering the question is crypto halal - there must be Mal. Mal refers to possession and effective storage, and cryptocurrencies meet the criteria required as they can be possessed and stored and have commercial value (Mutaqawwam).

Crypto is a real and viable digital asset, its worth and value lies in what is paid for it, and it is capable of being owned and traded commercially so the Shariah requirements are satisfied and the the question of is crypto halal can be answered.

Shacklewell Lane Mosque

The Shacklewell Lane Mosque in East London became one of the first mosques in the UK to accept cryptocurrency donations and Zakat contributions in 2018 during Ramadan. This mosque deemed cryptocurrency halal and permissible and generated a lot of interest on the topic of the permissibility of crypto more generally under Islamic law.

Digital Currencies, Money Laundering And Shariah Law

Islamic finance principles dictates that in order for income, or investing in any product or asset, to be deemed halal it has to meet certain criteria. The principles of Shariah law should be applied to the financial systems we operate in and there has been some discussion amongst Muslim scholars about whether rules devised centuries ago can still be applied to a technologically modern digital financial marketplace.

Whether cryptocurrency is halal or haram centres on the rules of Sharia law.

Is cryptocurrency halal? For many Islamic scholars, the answer quite simply is yes. Shariah principles can be applied to modern crypto analysis and digital currencies as they are based on social justice, accountability and ethics which transcend all forms of financial transactions. As long as there is no illegal activity, then trading or investing in crypto should not be deemed to be contrary to Shariah principles.

Investments, Islamic Banking Law And Illegal Activities

There has been some discussion amongst Muslim scholars around the use of cryptocurrencies for illegal activities such as gambling, drugs, and money laundering. Critics of Bitcoin also argue that it is not legal tender as it is not backed by any central government that assigns its value and maintains regulatory standards, and it is therefore deemed to be speculated trading.

However, Islamically the use of an item that is deemed halal for an unlawful purpose does not make the original item halal. Whether it is halal or haram depends on the multiple factors.

Currency Ownership

Ownership of the currency remains with the owner according to Muslim scholars, and the coins/tokens are kept in an e-wallet. This means that investors can take part in trading as and when they want, retaining control of their assets.

As mentioned above, the publication of the working paper conducted by Mufti Muhammad Abu Bakr clearly identified that cryptocurrency is permissible under Shariah rules.

For Muslims worldwide this could have huge implications for the payment of Zakat monies that are made to the poor and to charities globally. If Muslims make up 25% of the world's population and hold approximately £1.04 billion in bitcoins, this means that £26 million is due in Zakat contributions. [1]

Medium Of Exchange

Cryptocurrency operates as a medium of exchange across the globe. This means that it can operate in legally diverse and unpredictable environments, often making it more accessible than mainstream finance options. It is a valid form of currency that holds purchasing power.

Although vulnerable to market changes, crypto coins such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are deemed to be a legitimate medium of exchange, available for use in transactions and trading. Although crypto has not yet reached the status of being a globally accepted medium of exchange, it is fair to say that it is on the way to becoming so. Commentators expect crypto to appreciate over the course of time and to store value.

Cryptocurrency Guidelines

The development of Shariah compliant cryptocurrency guidelines provides Muslims with the opportunity for ethical investments. From a financial perspective, Islamic charities could benefit hugely from Zakat and other donations as a result of crypto investment.

Many banks and financial establishments globally are recognising crypto as a financially viable medium of exchange, and this makes it easier for investors to continue to trade, buy and sell cryptocurrency.

With billions of Muslims worldwide, and the growth of crypto, it seems clear that what is perhaps needed is some form of shariah compliant cryptocurrency guidelines for Muslims to follow. This would enable Muslims to assess themselves the validity of cryptocurrency when assessed against Islamic finance rules.

Contracts

In terms of whether contracts relating to crypto are Shariah compliant, given that the contractual relationships in crypto are based on smart contracts using blockchain technology, this means that the process can be made increasingly secure and automated.

This not only reduces administrative complexities, confusion and errors, but also ensures that banks are more likely to accept the contractual relationships created.

In demonstrating Shariah compliance, cryptocurrency is earning legitimacy across the Islamic finance world. Cryptocurrency agencies are springing up across the Muslim world such as One Gram in Dubai, and Hello Gold in Malaysia.

This adds further legitimacy to the rulings that cryptocurrency is halal and can be utilised by Muslims and Islamic financial institutions. Of course, there needs to be ongoing discussion to consider is crypto halal as it operated within a dynamic and changing industry.

As the crypto market continues to evolve more questions will need to be asked, and each crypto coin should be analysed against Islamic finance principles to check for permissibility. However, as things stand right now, crypto is recognised as an asset under Sharia law and this lends it legitimacy. The things to be careful of are making sure that any cryptocurrency you are involved in does not link to any haram things and industries or activities or any form of money laundering.

Whilst there is no central body who can make a final ruling on whether crypto is halal or haram, but as there is no element of interest (riba) and no exorbitant fees relating to crypto the interest from Muslims is growing. Crypto can be used within Islamic finance principles to make ethical investments and wealth management in a Shariah compliant way. This could unlock the cryptocurrency investment market to billions of Muslims worldwide who are looking to enter the crypto market as investors.

As the currency is still in its infancy it is important to keep an eye on all new developments and to assess and analyse changes in the marketSource:
[1] https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/bitcoin-halal-london-mosque-donations...

Introduction

Forex trading refers to foreign exchange trading where one currency is traded into another. Forex trading is important in the global markets and economy because it not only facilitates international trade, but is also the biggest financial market globally.

A common question is why does forex matter to the global markets? Not only does forex enable international investment and trade it also leads to financial stability. In order to conduct cross-border and cross-country financial transactions, governments and businesses rely on forex. One example of this is where a European company that is importing goods from the USA is able to exchange euros into dollars.

Central banks use forex to stabilise economies when currencies weaken or inflation increases. Forex ensures that money is able to flow across borders.

To decide whether forex trading is haram or halal depends on the the circumstances of the forex trade. We know that any forex trade that includes interest (riba), gambling (maisir) or uncertainty (gharar) could be deemed to be haram. However, when using interest-free accounts, Islamic forex accounts, and Sharia compliant strategies, forex trading can be done in a halal way.

Key Principles of Islamic Finance

What are some of the key Islamic finance principles to be mindful of when examining forex trading?

The main principles you should know about are:

• Prohibition of riba (interest): any kind of interest element attached to a trade is not permissible under Islamic finance rules. Riba is seen as unjustified financial gain and is haram. In forex trading watch out for overnight interest (swap fees) or interest earnt on sums held overnight.
• Avoidance of gharar (uncertainty): any significant uncertainty could render the forex trade haram. Avoid high-risk and speculative trades especially where traders gamble on price movements that have no real economic value. Similarly, avoid traders who trade without any underlying asset (see below). Uncertainty also applies to contract terms. If a trader has hidden fees or complex conditions then this needs to be challenged.
• Avoidance of maisir (speculation/gambling): Islam prohibits gambling and this also applies to trades where financial gains are linked to luck and unearned income. High-frequency and high-risk trades are best avoided.
• Ethical trading: trades and transactions that happen instantly such as spot forex trades (T+ 0 rule) are better than derivatives and futures that relate to settlements in the future.

The Halal Perspective

Forex trading is considered halal when conducted through Islamic accounts with zero interest. There are Islamic forex traders who adopt ethical practices in line with Islamic finance rules, ensuring adherence to Sharia law. The benefit for Muslims is that they can participate in investing and trading without breaching Islamic rules.

As a simple exchange of currencies, the following conditions can render a forex trade halal:

• Islamic swap-free accounts: these accounts are not interest-based and adhere to Islamic finance principles.
• Clear contracts: ensure you have transparent contract terms and pricing with real market involvement.
• Avoid gambling on price movements and work with experienced knowledgeable traders who understand Islamic finance and who are not single-mindedly focused on the margin or return for the parties.
• spot-trading: focus on actual asset ownership and immediate settlement rather than delayed settlements.
• Make sure your dealings are not gambling, but based on legitimate business trades.
• Day trading vs swing trading: day trading includes buying and selling on the same day. No positions are held overnight therefore the chance of incurring interest fees or swap fees is eliminated. Swing trading involves holding positions for many days at a time and this can include interest fees which are haram.

The Haram Perspective

Conventional forex trading is considered to be haram where there is interest payable/charged, and where there are elements of gambling or uncertainty. Always find out as much information you can about the broker, account, process and industry you are engaging with before starting any trading activity.

There are many Islamic brokers and experts that can help you navigate away from haram practices when it comes to currency trading and markets.

Avoid the following practices

1. interest payments.
2. hidden fees.
3. sudden changes in price.
4. manipulations by the brokers
5. excessive uncertainty and ambiguity
6. swap fees (eg overnight payments)
7. exploitation of others in trades
8. trades on market movements without understanding the fundamentals of the market
9. borrowing large amounts of money/ loan (leverage) which is often linked to riba and increased risk

According to Islamic scholars and the Fiqh Council, conventional forex trading is haram when rooted in traditional trading practices. Conventional trading practices go against Islamic beliefs and values relating to financial activities.

However, forex can be halal if:

• you use transparent traders and brokers with Islamic finance knowledge
• you use Islamic accounts with no interest (swap-free accounts)
• you conduct trades on real economic analysis and foundations
• pick Islamic-compliant brokers and organisations
• you avoid speculation, gambling and deception,
• you focus on immediate settlement and future payments
• your trades are based on real asset ownership
• trade using your own capital and not borrowed sums

Frequently Asked Questions

● Is forex trading a form of gambling?

Unless forex trading takes place within an Islamic finance framework (using Islamic accounts and knowledgeable brokers who understand the religious principles of Islam) then it could be deemed to be gambling. When conducted within Sharia rules, forex can be halal.

● How do Islamic accounts work?

Simple speaking, Islamic forex accounts avoid interest payments and interest rate calculations, and are created specifically to comply with Sharia rules about financial transactions.

● Is leverage allowed in Islam?

Leverage refers to traders borrowing money from other brokers to increase their potential profits. In traditional forex trading accounts leverage often includes interest payments on borrowing. Is Islam, leverage is allowed as long as there is no interest payable on leveraged funds.

● Can I trade forex without interest?

Yes, of course. Islamic forex accounts enable Muslims and ethical investors to trade without receiving or paying any interest. Islamic swap-free accounts were created as a solution for Muslim customers and are available on the market that are tailored to ensure they comply with Islamic finance principles.

Conclusion

Ultimately, whether or not forex trading is halal or haram depends on whether the trade itself complies with Islamic finance principles. Islamic scholars and experts can provide guidance and specify trading practices that are haram to help clarify if trading is halal or haram. However, by choosing Sharia-compliant brokers and accounts and focusing on ethical trading there are many ways of engaging in forex trading in a halal way.

There are obvious red flags to avoid for any Muslim (riba being one of them), but there are ways of ensuring that trades are halal. One of the best things you can do before any kind of financial investment or trade is to seek the advice of Islamic scholars and then speak to Muslim forex traders. These people are best placed to ensure that any trade you undertake is halal and remains compliant.

Remember, even Islamic accounts change over time so you need to ensure that there are proper risk management and risk mitigation strategies in place. Exercise caution, if something looks like it is too good to be true then the onus is on you to dig deeper.

WHAT IS BANKING?

When we talk about banking, we are discussing the products and services offered by the financial industry including lending money, facilitating payments, and managing accounts. Banking services are available to individuals, companies, and governments. There are some key differences between commercial banking and Islamic banking.

Banks and financial institutions play an important role in the economy. Not only do they facilitate financial transactions, but they also act as intermediaries between businesses, between borrowers and savers, and between lenders and businesses.

Banks facilitate transactions and manage credit and debit accounts. The role in the economy goes beyond managing money. They are also responsible for ensuring the financial systems remain stable, and they are therefore subject to regulation and oversight by central banks.

The regulation of banks ensures that there is ongoing prudent financial management, and risk mitigation in addition to compliance with legal standards.

COMMERCIAL BANKING - HOW DOES IT WORK?

Commercial banking is a traditional form of banking used across the globe, especially in Western economies. In its very basic form, commercial banking relates to the services and activities that banks can provide to individuals, entrepreneurs, businesses and governmental organisations.

Commercial banks undertake various activities, including:

• Payments: commercial banks facilitate incoming and outgoing payments, transfers, cheques.
• Debit and credit cards: commercial banks provide customers with debit and credit cards
• Trading: banks also facilitate national and international trade by enabling international payments and foreign exchange transactions.
• Investment services: commercial banks offer brokerage services and accounts, advisory services, and information about investment options.
• Corporate banking: commercial banks offer the corporate world specialised corporate services to encourage and facilitate corporate trade and transactions.

Main Principles Of Commercial Banking

One of the main underlying principles of commercial banking is the payment and receipt of interest. A commercial bank makes money by earning interest on loans and financial instruments that it provides to businesses, individuals, and large corporations.

Commercial banks also make money from the fees they charge for their products. For example, when offering loans and mortgages, the bank will usually charge a fee for this service.

Commercial banking rests on the following main principles:

• Profitability - as with any commercial business, the banks main focus is on profitability.
• Liquidity - liquidity refers to the ability of assets to be quickly converted into cash/ money.
• Solvency - commercial banks need to be solvent at all times. What this means is that they have financial sufficiency and capability. This level of solvency enables banks to remain in competitive markets with enough capital.

ISLAMIC BANKING - HOW DOES IT WORK?

Islamic banking is very different to traditional commercial banking. Islamic banking is based on Islamic finance principles and guidelines. These guidelines follow Islamic Sharia law. Sharia law prohibits the receipt or payment of interest, as this is considered to be deeply unethical and exploitative.

Sharia compliant banking, underpinned by Islamic finance principles, does not charge or pay any form of interest. This does raise the question of how do Islamic banks make a profit if they do not charge interest to the customer.

The answer to this lies in the structure and the practices within Islamic finance institutions. Instead of making profit through interest, Islamic banks profit through equity sharing and partnership arrangements. These arrangements ensure that the profits and losses are shared between the parties.

Let's have a look at the way Islamic banks operate and how they make a profit:

• Profit and loss sharing - Islamic banks rely on Sharia concepts such as musharaka (cost-plus financing) and mudaraba (partnership based financing). The former requires both the customer and the bank to contribute capital and share in any profits arising from the investment. Mudaraba is a slightly different arrangement where the bank provides the capital and the individual manages the running of the business. Both these arrangements facilitate profit sharing in an equitable way.
• Asset-backed finance - Islamic banks rely on asset-based finance arrangements. Often, this means that the bank or financial institution will purchase an asset at the request of the customer and then sell it back to them. The sale back is at a higher price which is usually paid back in instalments.
• Investments - Islamic banks are permitted to engage in investment activities. However, the difference between Islamic banks and conventional banks is that Islamic banks retain control over the industries they invest in. They do not invest in industries that are deemed to be impermissible in Islam (ie, gambling, porn, alcohol). Additionally, any investment activity is not interest based and is not speculative or uncertain. This means the level of risk is often lower than the investment activities of commercial banks.

Key Principles Of Islamic Banking

As already mentioned above, the main principles relating to Islamic banking are derived from Sharia law. Sharia law guides Islamic finance and differentiates it from conventional commercial banking.

The key principles of Islamic banking are:

• No interest - there is a strict prohibition on interest (riba). This means that any deposit or payment does not accrue or attract interest in any form.
• Profits and losses - Islamic finance centres on the notion of equitable relationships and non-exploitative relationships. This means that there has to be equitable sharing of profits and losses between the parties.
• No uncertainty - excessive uncertainty is not permissible in Islamic banking. This means that any investor, entrepreneur, business, or leader looking to engage in activities needs to ensure that the trade or investment is not uncertain or ambiguous. Financial transactions should be transparent and solution based.
• Ethical and social responsibility - Islamic finance is underpinned by the key concepts of ethical behaviour and social responsibility. There is an onus on those with control to ensure that the parties engage in activity that does not adversely affect others and that benefits society as a whole.
• No speculation - it is important for Islamic banking to ensure that financial activities are based on real economic transactions, not hypothetical or speculative activities.
• No excessive debt - again, to ensure there is equity and transparency, Islamic finance requires that excessive debt is avoided. Islam promotes responsible borrowing and lending practices.

Commercial Banking Services Vs Islamic Banking Services

The main difference between commercial banking and Islamic banking are the main principles which guide the banking activities. As already discussed, Islamic banking does not rely on interest payments or interest based activities.

Whilst commercial banks rely on interest as a fundamental component when it comes to lending and borrowing, Islamic banks are more focused on a profit-loss sharing arrangement.

Whilst both commercial and Islamic banks offer a variety of financial products and services, Islamic banks have to ensure they are compliant with Sharia rules about financial activities. Islamic banks provide similar services to commercial banks (loans, mortgages, savings accounts etc) but the key difference is that they offer Sharia compliant alternatives to their clients.

Islamic banks actively avoid financial deals and transactions that are deemed to be risky and speculative such as derivatives and trading securities. The ethical and social responsibility element of finance is not something that features as heavily in commercial banking as it does in Islamic banking.

Commercial banks aim to generate and maximise profits through interest that is earned on lending and other banking services. For Islamic banks, interest is prohibited, so they look to Sharia compliant ways of generating profits.

It is important to remember that both Islamic and commercial banking aim to offer financial services to meet their clients needs. Islamic banking is favoured by Muslims because the principles of Islamic finance mean they remain compliant with their religious obligations. However, Islamic finance has a much wider appeal to customers across the Muslim and non-Muslim world.

The Regulatory Framework For Banking In The Uk

In the United Kingdom, the regulatory framework is managed by the Financial Conduct Authority.

As part of its supervisory and regulatory role, the Financial Conduct Authority aims to protect the customers of financial institutions that offer any form of financial product or service. The Financial Conduct Authority also ensures that it promotes healthy competition between financial service providers.

Risk Management In Commercial Banking

Risk management and mitigation are essential tasks for banks. Not only does risk management ensure that banks have a risk management strategy in place, but it also ensures banks remain compliant with the relevant regulatory regime in place.

Commercial banks assess risks on an ongoing basis to ensure that they can maintain their financial stability. Risk management also prevents unexpected losses that could occur and help the bank prepare for long-term viability and market fluctuations. Ultimately, commercial banking is arguably more volatile that Islamic banking as it places itself in a more fluctuating, interest and economy based market.

Islamic banking mitigates risk by avoiding interest based transactions, and discouraging speculative behaviour. The risk and reward is shared between the parties, this leads to shared responsibilities when it comes to risk.

Risk Management Is Islamic Banking

Risk management in Islamic banking is different from the risk management in conventional commercial banks.

Islamic finance promotes the forecasting of financial risks and ensures the necessary risk mitigation strategies are in place from the outset. Under Sharia rules and guidelines, Islamic banks manage risk via practices which actively mitigate risk. These practices include ensuring that is an equitable profit and loss sharing arrangements. Islamic finance also requires that parties to a transaction share the risk, so one party is not left dealing with huge losses.

Through intense screening and due diligence, Islamic banks assess feasibility in a more rigorous way than commercial banks. This helps them identify potential issues before they arise and mitigate risks early on.

Islamic banks will usually have Sharia compliant scholars and boards working with the bank and ensuring it is compliant and regulated. These boards provide Islamic guidance on complex transactions and reduce the risk exposure. Many Islamic banks will also ensure they have contingency funds and reserves to deal with unexpected events and losses.