Is blockchain sharia compliant?

For Muslims living in the UK, they are bound by the rules and laws relating to inheritance tax and wills. These rules are not based on Sharia law or Islam but are the rules of the country in which you reside. Whilst Sharia rules include provisions relating to managing the estate on the death of someone, the rules in the UK are more stringent and need to be understood.

Islamic Sharia law states that Muslims need to ensure that their assets are distributed according to Islamic rules on their death. Sharia rules outline how assets should be divided amongst surviving relatives.

For Muslims living in Muslim countries, the laws relating to inheritance and intestacy are based on Sharia rules so this makes things easier when it comes to the division of assets. However, for Muslims living in non-Muslim countries such as the UK, if they die without a will then their assets will be distributed in accordance with the domestic laws and not Sharia law.

WHAT IS INHERITANCE TAX?

Inheritance tax is essentially a tax applied on the estate of someone who dies. This tax is paid on the property and assets of the deceased above the inheritance tax threshold.

The aim of inheritance tax is to generate revenue for the government and to implement broader policies. For those wanting specific information about their tax liability they should speak to professionals who are experts in the field of tax and estate planning/ decision making.

HOW MUCH IS TAX FREE ON INHERITANCE?

Currently, in the UK inheritance tax is charged on 40% on all assets that exceed what is known as the nil rate band of £325,000.

No inheritance tax is payable on the first £325,000 of the estate. Above that, 40% inheritance tax is charged. This amount is lower if leaving your home to direct descendants.

ARE MUSLIMS EXEMPT FROM INHERITANCE TAX?

Muslims in the UK are not exempt from paying inheritance tax. However, there are some rules in the UK tax regime that can accommodate cultural or religious practices. These include:

• Charitable donations: zakat and sadqa payments and charitable bequests in wills made to qualifying charities can benefit from exemptions.
• Spouse exemptions: Normally, the transfer of assets between spousal beneficiaries is exempt from inheritance tax.
• Business relief: there are also some exemptions and reliefs that apply to businesses and agricultural assets.

DO MUSLIMS IN THE UK PAY INHERITANCE TAX?

Yes, Muslims in the UK are subject to the laws and rules relating to inheritance tax.

Inheritance tax in the UK is not based on religion but on the actual value of the estate and the rules of the country you live in.

HOW TO LEGALLY AVOID PAYING INHERITANCE TAX?

There are some strategies you can use legally to reduce your inheritance tax bill.

• Create a tax efficient Islamic will
• Effectively utilise the nil rate band
• Speak to professionals and experts for advice on managing your assets
• Use the spouse exemption
• Invest in business or agricultural property
• Set up tax efficient trusts
• Make use of charitable donations
• Gift your assets in a tax efficient way

Always speak to Sharia tax experts when planning your will and estate distribution.

WHO IS EXEMPT FROM PAYING INHERITANCE TAX IN THE UK?

There are some people and assets that are exempt from inheritance tax including spouses and direct dependents. The general rule is that if your estate exceeds the £325,000 threshold you need to start thinking about estate planning.

Exemptions under the tax rules are subject to conditions and criteria, so always speak to experts before making any decision.

WHAT ARE THE RULES ABOUT INHERITANCE IN ISLAM?

Islam sets out some clear provisions when it comes to inheritance and death. The first step is to ensure you have a legally valid will in place.Islam sets out the order or priority when it comes to the distribution of funds. The order of payments is as follows:

• funeral costs and expenses
• Outstanding debts
• Bequests to be honoured (but not where the value exceeds one third of the value of the estate/remaining assets
• distribution of remaining assets to family

Whilst Islam predetermines how our estate is divided on our death, it is still important to ensure we have a will in place.

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU HAVE MORE THAN ONE WIFE?

In the UK as the inheritance tax rules are not based on religion, this means that if Islamically you have more than one wife the tax rules will be applied as per UK laws.

Only the legal marriage (as per UK rules) will be recognised for the purposes of determining inheritance tax responsibilities and liabilities.

CAN HALF-BROTHERS INHERIT IN ISLAM?

The rights of the half brothers inheritance depends on many factors including the presence of other heirs in the family, and the proportion of shares (see above) and order or priority.

Half brothers and sisters can inherit if there are no full brothers and sisters.

RIGHTS OF DAUGHTERS IN ISLAM?

Islam focuses on the equality of gender when it comes to inheritance rights. Daughters are entitled to inherit from parents who are deceased alongside other relatives.

Islam states that daughters are allocated a share in accordance with the principles outlined below.

As primary heirs, daughters will take priority over distant relatives.

The Division Of Jewellery In Islam

When it comes to jewellery, Islam provides guidelines for the distribution of the estate of the deceased and these guidelines include jewellery. Those distributing the estate should be mindful of the fixed shares for the different categories of heirs as stipulated by Islamic rules.

Jewellery is considered part of the estate of the deceased and is subject to Islamic rules of asset division. Of course, the deceased can leave specific bequests in their will when it comes to jewellery and it is expected that the other heirs honour the wishes of the deceased and consent to the bequests.

Islamic Rules Relating To Wills And And Payment To Heirs

Sharia law states that you can distribute up to one third of your estate however you want to on your death. This applies as long as the third share is passed on to someone that is not already entitled to a fixed share of the estate.How is the remaining inheritance divided in Islam?The remaining two thirds of the estate on death should be distributed as follows:

• the surviving wife is entitled to receive one eighth of the husband's estate. If there are no children from the marriage then the wife receives one quarter of the estate.
• the surviving husband will be entitled to a quarter of his deceased wife's estate. If there are no children of the marriage then the husband received one half.
• depending on what the entitlement of the surviving spouse is, the mother of the deceased is entitled to one sixth of the estate. This figure is one third in the event that the deceased had no children.
• If the deceased's father is alive, then the mother is entitled to one quarter of the estate (where there are no children).
• If the deceased does not have a spouse, children or father, then the mother will inherit one half of the estate.
• If the deceased leaves behind no children, the father of the deceased will receive the surplus after distribution.
• If the deceased leaves behind one (or more) son, then the father is entitled to one sixth of the estate (but no entitlement to any surplus).
• If the deceased is survived by a spouse and daughters, then the father of the deceased will receive one sixth of the estate. In addition, the father will receive one sixth of any remaining surplus once the division of the estate has completed.
• surviving children are entitled to the surplus of the estate once the remaining spouse and parents have received their share.
• male grandchildren and children are entitled to over 50% of the estate when compared to the female children and grandchildren.
• If there are two plus surviving daughters then they will share two thirds of the estate equally between themselves (as long as there are no other surviving relatives).

CAN YOU REFUSE INHERITANCE IN ISLAM?

The simple answer to this is yes, you can refuse inheritance. However, any voluntary refusal should be made after careful consideration.

WHICH COUNTRIES HAVE NO INHERITANCE TAX?

There are many countries across the globe that do not have inheritance tax regimes. These include:

• UAE
• Saudi Arabia
• Qatar
• Oman
• Bahrain
• Monaco
• Brunei
• Slovakia

Debt or Equity in Islam?Non-interest debt financing and equity financing have both been permitted in Islam. It is no surprise that there is no explicit or implicit text giving one form of financing preference over the other. Financing is part of business activity which is highly contextual and variable depending where the business is in its lifecycle. Whilst equity financing might be the only reasonable method for a start-up, an established business would generally seek debt-based financing.
It is from the beauty and comprehensive nature of Islam that no such stipulation to adopt a particular form of financing is found. If we were bound to get one type of financing only, it would put businesses into difficulty. Shariah has given us some principles with which we need to adhere to. Debt is discouraged when there is no strategy to service it. Likewise, taking on debt when it is unmanageable and beyond one's capacity to repay is also discouraged. Beyond that, it is an economic and business decision which the business can make considering what is in its best interest.Business ConsiderationsDebt vs Equity Financing – which is best for your business and why? The simple answer is that it depends. The equity versus debt decision relies on a large number of factors such as the current economic climate, the business’ existing capital structure, and the business’ life cycle stage. Some of the key factors to consider are[1]:

• The cost of finance: Debt finance is usually cheaper than equity finance. This is because debt finance is safer from a lender’s point of view. From a conventional perspective, interest has to be paid before dividend. From a Shariah perspective, debt and profit in Shariah compliant debt-based products is paid off first. In the event of liquidation, debt finance is paid off before equity. This makes debt a safer investment than equity and hence debt investors demand a lower rate of return than equity investors. Interest debt is also corporation tax deductible (unlike equity dividends) making it even cheaper to a taxpaying company. Arrangement costs are usually lower on debt finance than equity finance and once again, unlike equity arrangement costs, they are also tax deductible.
• The current capital gearing of the business: Although debt is attractive due to its cheap cost, its disadvantage is that an additional return has to be paid. If too much is borrowed, then the company may not be able to meet interest and principal payments and liquidation may follow. The level of a company’s borrowings is usually measured by the capital gearing ratio (the ratio of debt finance to equity finance) and companies must ensure this does not become too high. Comparisons with other companies in the industry or with the company’s recent history are useful here.
• Security available: Many lenders will require assets to be pledged as security against loans. Good quality assets such as land and buildings provide security for borrowing - intangible assets such as capitalised research and development expenditure usually do not. In the absence of good asset security, further borrowing may not be an option.It is also possible to offer unsecured financing. Unsecured financing is Shariah compliant as long as the other principles of financing are met. To mitigate the credit risk in unsecured financing, a director can give a personal guarantee.
• Business risk: Business risk refers to the volatility of operating profit. Companies with highly volatile operating profit should avoid high levels of borrowing as they may find themselves in a position where operating profit falls and they cannot meet the interest bill. High-risk ventures are normally financed by equity finance, as there is no legal obligation to pay equity dividend.
• Operating gearing: Operating gearing refers to the proportion of a company’s operating costs that are fixed as opposed to variable. The higher the proportion of fixed costs, the higher the operating gearing. Companies with high operating gearing tend to have volatile operating profits. This is because fixed costs remain the same, no matter the volume of sales. Thus, if sales increase, operating profit increases by a larger percentage. But if sales volume falls, operating profit falls by a larger percentage. Generally, it is a high-risk policy to combine high financial gearing with high operating gearing. High operating gearing is common in many service industries where many operating costs are fixed.
• Dilution of earnings per share (EPS): Large issues of equity could lead to the dilution of EPS if profits from new investments are not immediate. This may upset shareholders and lead to falling share prices.
• Voting control: A large issue of shares to new investors could alter the voting control of a business. If the founding owners hold over 50% of the equity, they may be reluctant to sell new shares to outside investors as their voting control at the AGM may be lost. This would make equity financing disliked for the current shareholders and debt would be preferred.
• The current state of equity markets: In a period of falling share prices many companies will be reluctant to sell new shares. They feel the price received will be too low. This will dilute the wealth of the existing owners. Note this does not apply to rights issues where shares are sold to the existing owners of the company.

ConclusionThese are some of the many considerations which businesses need to consider before raising equity or debt financing. This shows that the decision of debt and equity is not something set in stone from a Shariah perspective; as long as the debt-financing and equity financing are Shariah compliant, the business is at liberty to choose what is most favourable for their purpose and objective. From an investor’s perspective, they should ensure that the business is Shariah compliant and that it has passed the Shariah screening criteria. This can be ascertained by the review from a Shariah advisor.
[1]https://www.accaglobal.com/ca/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f...

WHAT IS ISLAMIC FINANCE?

Islamic finance at its very core is a way of managing money and financial transactions in a way that is compliant with Islamic rules and guidance. There is a significant interplay of sustainability and ethics in Islamic finance.

One of the foundational principles of Islamic finance is that money itself does not have any value. Instead, money is a means through which we can exchange products and services.

Islamic finance rules state that you should not use money to make money. This is why one of the most important Islamic finance principles is the one which prohibits interest in any form.

Paying or receiving interest is not seen as a permissible or equitable way of managing finances in Islam. You cannot make money by charging interest, this is seen as unethical and exploitative but also non-sustainable in the long-term.

Another important element of Islamic finance is that our transactions should not cause any harm to other individuals or wider society.

The focus should be on economic activities that are grounded in tangible assets and services, and partnership arrangements where each party shares in the profits and losses.

Ethics And Islam

Islam provides ethical guidelines within which to operate. These guidelines are based on the teaching within the Quran and from the experiences of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Underlying Islamic finance is a foundation based on integrity and fairness. The underpinning of Islamic finance with ethical considerations can be seen as contradictory to conventional business models, but ethical finance is a fast-growing industry.

Investors, individuals, and businesses are more socially conscious and want to operate in a more sustainable way.

It seems that everyone wants a more inclusive financial system where there is a real interplay between ethics and finance. Having witnessed the financial collapse of 2008 and the current global pandemic, existing Western finance models have proved to be volatile, unstable, and temperamental.

Islamic finance offers a sustainable, unique and viable ethical alternative. Applying normative ethics to financial and economic transactions brings more equality and sustainability to the table. This is mainly because operating from an ethical perspective is about duties and responsibilities rather than consequences.

Considering the consequences and impact of financial decisions means negative impacts can be identified and eliminated early. This leads to a more robust, fair, and resilient financial system.

Islamic finance recognises that finance has a useful role to play in economics. It requires overarching ethical considerations to be in place to ensure that there is intrinsic value in financial dealings, and these are supported by ethical and moral conduct.

Islam places a great deal of emphasis on ethical conduct. This is because Sharia rules derived from Islamic teachings are based on an ethical framework.

Islam requires us to align our values with the teachings of Islam in all areas of our lives. What this means for parties involved in any kind of financial deal is that the transactions are just, fair and equitable.

Islam And Wealth Distribution

Another important thing to note is that Islamic finance places emphasis on the concept of wealth distribution and social justice.

Practices including the payment of zakat every year, and regular charitable donations in the form of sadaqa aim to distribute wealth fairly. Sharing wealth is a key component of Islam, whether this is through donations or promoting those economic activities, projects, and practices that contribute positively to society.

Justice and fairness are fundamental concepts in Islam.

What Does Islamic Finance Say About Sustainability

When it comes to Islamic finance and sustainability, there is a unique interplay. Islamic finance principles are derived from Sharia law which places great emphasis on ethics and being socially responsible.

This social responsibility covers everything from wealth generation, wealth distribution, climate change, business, capital receipts, financial services, education, personal and business objectives, and education.

Sustainability in Islam must be viewed through the lens of being Sharia compliant in all dealings throughout life.

Adopting sustainable practices means you are promoting fairness and equality in every aspect of your life.

It has long been known that Islamic finance helps to divert capital into those environmental and social projects that benefit society.

There is growing recognition and support for the moral concepts of Islam and their link to global sustainability and development goals as set out by the United Nations.

Sustainable Development Goals

In 2015, the UN established sustainable development goals with the aim of achieving them by 2030.

These goals have common ground with Islamic finance as they both aim to promote social, economic, and environmental sustainability. In fact, there are several aspects of Islam and Islamic finance that align perfectly with the objectives within the UN's sustainable development goals:

1. Zero hunger:
2. Alleviation of poverty:
3. Improving health and wellbeing
4. Education
5. Clean and affordable energy
6. Industry, innovation and infrastructure
7. Gender equality
8. Clean water and climate action
9. Reducing inequality
10. Partnership arrangements

Role Of Islamic Finance In Sustainable Development Goals

Islamic finance is already playing a large role in contributing to the achievement of the UN's sustainable development goals. The foundations of Islam already align with these goals seeking to empower vulnerable communities.

Islamic finance initiatives such as zakat and sadaqa focus on poverty alleviation and working towards zero hunger. Islam promotes good health and wellbeing which is another UN sustainable goal.

Whether it comes to climate action, peace and justice, responsible consumption and sustainable cities, Islam is already ahead of the game.

With its emphasis on sustainable and ethical principles, Islam has been focusing on these kinds of goals for over 1400 years.

WHAT ROLE DOES SUSTAINABILITY PLAY IN ISLAMIC FINANCE?

Sustainability is a key concept in Islam, it therefore follows through that Islamic finance will also include elements of sustainability.

The Islamic finance and industry is well placed to support sustainability and sustainable development goals, whether that is individually or via collaboration.

Islam promotes social inclusion and socially responsible finance decision making. In today's global market where there is a wage labour crisis and worries about economic growth, sustainable Islamic finance is becoming more and more popular.

Research indicates that Islamic finance is one of the most sustainable and leading finance and funding models. Not only does Islamic finance base itself on ethics, it works with human beings to problem solve societal issues.

In the United Kingdom, the Bank of England recognises the significance of Islamic finance and the diversity it offers. Islam encourages inclusion and places great value in equality.

What this means for those using Islamic finance is that greater opportunities are available, and many argue that finance models based on Sharia principles will create ethical and socially responsible foundations.

Sustainability And Ethical Investments

Sustainable Islamic ethical investments are those investments that align with socially responsible and sustainable goals.

This interplay of finance and sustainability leads to positive benefits on an environmental, social and governance practices. Let's have a look at some sustainable and ethical Islamic finance investments:

• Green sukuk: green sukuks are Islamic bonds that invest in environmentally friendly projects. These projects can relate to renewable energy initiatives, climate action and other green policies.
• Islamic microfinance: Islamic microfinance provides financial services to people who may find themselves excluded from mainstream funding options.

Community development initiatives: these initiatives finance projects in agriculture, address the vulnerability in communities, and alleviate poverty.

Leveraging Islamic Finance To Build Sustainability

It is clear that Islamic finance has the potential to play an even greater transformative role in sustainability.

What is needed is for all stakeholders from individuals, governments, countries, and organisations to work together to maximise the impact of Islamic finance.

Some strategies that could achieve the synergy between Islamic finance and sustainable development goals include:

• Partnering with sustainability initiatives
• green sukuks
• sustainable investment vehicles
• support for socially responsible enterprises
• Increase in Islamic microfinance services
• Innovative finance models
• Using zakat for sustainable development
• International collaboration